Citrine
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The golden yellow to reddish-orange variety of quartz, citrine draws its warm color from iron impurities. Genuine natural citrine is far scarcer than amethyst; most commercial stones are heat-treated amethyst converted to yellow or orange tones, while natural material comes chiefly from Brazil, Bolivia, and Madagascar. It crystallizes in the trigonal system and measures 7.0 on the Mohs scale, hard enough for everyday jewelry. Affordability, durability, and a sunny palette have made this moderately priced semi-precious stone one of the most popular yellow gems in contemporary design, and it serves as a modern birthstone for November.
Physical & Optical Properties
Category
Semi-Precious Gems
Mohs Hardness
7.0
Specific Gravity
2.65
Refractive Index
1.544 – 1.553
Crystal System
Trigonal
Luster
Vitreous
Cleavage
None
Fracture
Conchoidal
Color
yellow
Birefringence
0.009
Dispersion
0.013
Pleochroism
Natural: weak; yellow - light yellow. Heat-treated: none
Mohs Hardness
| Mohs | Reference mineral | Citrine |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Talc | |
| 2 | Gypsum | |
| 3 | Calcite | |
| 4 | Fluorite | |
| 5 | Apatite | |
| 6 | Orthoclase | |
| 7 | Quartz | ● |
| 8 | Topaz | |
| 9 | Corundum | |
| 10 | Diamond |
Crystal System
Value & Market
Price Tier
Moderate ($50-500/ct)
Where to Buy Citrine
Blue Nile
Fine jewelry retailer
James Allen
Gemstone jewelry
Brilliant Earth
Ethically sourced gems
Amazon
Wide selection
Links may earn a commission at no extra cost to you.
Cultural Significance
Birthstone Month
11 (traditional)
Treatments
Routinely produced by heat-treatment of (smoky) amethyst: reddish tint, may show reddish-brown hematite inclusions (surrounded by crack). Non-dichroic unlike natural - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 7
7Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
2.65Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
BrittleWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Very brittle
NoneWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001)
ConchoidalMichael O?Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006)
1.544 to 1.553Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
Uniaxial/+Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
0.009Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
Natural: weak; yellow - light yellow. Heat-treated: noneWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references
0.013Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001)
Star 6Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)
Light yellow to dark yellow, gold-brownWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references
Yellow to orange, O2-→Fe3+ charge transfer, various Al3+ related color centers.W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011)
Transparent,TranslucentUlrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
VitreousGemdat.org, Management Team (2012)
NoneWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001)
TrigonalUlrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)
Hexagonal prisms with pyramidsWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references
Citrine information at mindat.org
Bolivia
Laurs (2001, 2010)
Brazil
Macri et al. (2006)
Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113
Canada
Sinkankas (1997)
Madagascar
Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44
Pezzotta (2001)
Danet (2009)
Myanmar
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok
Sri Lanka
Uruguay
Gilg et al. (2003)
About Citrine
黄水晶是石英族中的黄色宝石,颜色从淡黄到深琥珀色不等,源于微量铁的存在。天然黄水晶相对稀少,市场上大多数黄水晶是由紫水晶或烟水晶经热处理得到的。巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州是世界最重要的黄水晶产地。黄水晶以其温暖的金黄色调、良好的耐久性和实惠的价格,成为珠宝市场上最受欢迎的宝石之一。
On this page
Jewelry Use
Durability
7/10
Suitable for daily wear
Science FYI Family
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Citrine?
黄水晶是石英族中的黄色宝石,颜色从淡黄到深琥珀色不等,源于微量铁的存在。天然黄水晶相对稀少,市场上大多数黄水晶是由紫水晶或烟水晶经热处理得到的。巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州是世界最重要的黄水晶产地。黄水晶以其温暖的金黄色调、良好的耐久性和实惠的价格,成为珠宝市场上最受欢迎的宝石之一。
What is the hardness of Citrine?
Citrine has a Mohs hardness of 7.0, making it excellent for use in jewelry.
What color is Citrine?
Citrine is primarily Yellow.
How much does Citrine cost?
Citrine falls into the Moderate ($50-500/ct) price range. Prices vary based on color, clarity, cut, and origin.
Is Citrine a birthstone?
Yes, Citrine is the November birthstone (traditional).