Polymorph
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Definition
A mineral that shares the same chemical composition as another mineral but has a different crystal structure, resulting in distinct physical and optical properties.
Detailed Explanation
The most famous gem polymorphs are diamond and graphite, both pure carbon (C). Diamond forms in the cubic system under extreme pressure and is the hardest natural substance, while graphite forms under lower pressure in the hexagonal system and is very soft. Silica (SiO2) produces the polymorphs quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite. Rutile (TiO2) and anatase share the same chemistry but have different crystal systems and optical constants. Recognizing polymorphism explains why two stones with the same formula can differ dramatically in appearance and gemological properties.