Carnelian

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Translucent orange to red-orange and colored by iron oxide, carnelian is a variety of chalcedony engraved into intaglios, seals, and amulets since antiquity across Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Rome. Its warm, glowing tone and fine translucency, especially when backlit, place it among the more visually striking semi-precious stones. It sits in the trigonal quartz group and measures 6.5 to 7.0 on the Mohs scale. India is the primary modern source, where the stone is routinely heated to deepen its color before export. Moderately priced, carnelian is counted among the traditional birthstones for July.

Physical & Optical Properties

Category Semi-Precious Gems

Mohs Hardness 6.5 – 7.0

Specific Gravity 2.58 – 2.64

Refractive Index 1.535 – 1.539

Crystal System Trigonal

Luster Waxy,Resinous

Cleavage None

Fracture Uneven

Color red

Birefringence 0.003

Pleochroism Absent

Mohs Hardness

Mohs hardness of Carnelian shown against the ten reference minerals, from talc (1) to diamond (10).

Mohs	Reference mineral	Carnelian
1	Talc
2	Gypsum
3	Calcite
4	Fluorite
5	Apatite
6	Orthoclase
7	Quartz	●
8	Topaz
9	Corundum
10	Diamond

Crystal System

Value & Market

Price Tier Moderate ($50-500/ct)

Where to Buy Carnelian

Blue Nile Fine jewelry retailer

James Allen Gemstone jewelry

Brilliant Earth Ethically sourced gems

Amazon Wide selection

Links may earn a commission at no extra cost to you.

Cultural Significance

Birthstone Month 7 (alternative)

Treatments

The colour can be enhanced by heating. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 126 Most carnelians offered today are agates which are dyed and then heat-treated. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 126 6.5 to 7Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.58 to 2.64Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references NoneWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) UnevenWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 1.535 to 1.539Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Uniaxial/+Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.003 to 0.009Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) AbsentWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) NoneWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Red, orange, reddishGemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Orange to red, submicroscopic to microscopic inclusions of hydrous Fe oxidesW. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Translucent,OpaqueHerve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Semi-transparent to opaque Waxy,ResinousArthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Blue-whiteWalter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) TrigonalUlrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Fibrous to grained aggregateUlrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Carnelian information at mindat.org Peru  Sri Lanka 

About Carnelian

カーネリアン（紅玉髄）は酸化鉄の包有物によって着色された橙から赤橙色の半透明な玉髄変種で、古代から護符・印章・装身具として珍重されてきました。エジプト・ローマ・インダス文明など世界各地の古代文明遺跡から発見される歴史ある宝石です。インド・ブラジル・ウルグアイが現代の主要産地で、七月の誕生石の一つでもあります。